Overcoming Challenges in Oral Insulin Delivery: Innovations in Nanocarrier Systems for Enhanced Bioavailability

Abstract

Oral insulin delivery has long been regarded as a potential game-changer in diabetes management, offering an easier and more patient-friendly alternative to traditional subcutaneous injections. However, the development of oral insulin delivery systems has been hindered by several physiological and pharmacological barriers that impede insulin's effectiveness. Insulin is a peptide hormone that is highly susceptible to degradation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, making oral delivery challenging. Over the years, research has focused on overcoming these barriers through innovative drug delivery systems, particularly nanocarriers. These nanocarrier systems offer several advantages, including enhanced protection of insulin from enzymatic degradation, improved absorption through the intestinal lining, and targeted delivery to the site of action. This review explores the key challenges associated with oral insulin delivery, including the harsh GI environment, poor permeability, and low bioavailability. It further delves into the various nanocarrier-based approaches, such as liposomes, nanoparticles, micelles, and hydrogels, that have been developed to enhance the oral bioavailability of insulin. Recent advances in nanotechnology and biomaterials have led to promising innovations that could potentially revolutionize oral insulin therapy. Additionally, this review discusses the current state of clinical trials, regulatory considerations, and future perspectives on oral insulin delivery systems. By providing a comprehensive overview of the challenges and innovations in this field, this review aims to contribute to the ongoing efforts toward developing a successful oral insulin delivery system.