Brain-Eating Amoeba: A Comprehensive Review of Naegleria fowleri Infections and Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis

Abstract

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a rare but highly fatal infection of the central nervous system caused by the free-living amoeba, Naegleria fowleri. Known colloquially as the brain-eating amoeba, N. fowleri is predominantly found in warm freshwater environments, such as lakes, rivers, and poorly maintained swimming pools. Infection typically occurs when contaminated water enters the nasal passages, allowing the amoeba to travel to the brain via the olfactory nerve. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis progresses rapidly, with symptoms ranging from headache and fever to seizures and coma, often resulting in death within a week of symptom onset. This review provides a comprehensive overview of N. fowleri, including its biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, current treatment strategies, and public health measures for prevention. We also explore emerging research and future directions for developing more effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Understanding the complex interaction between N. fowleri and its human host is crucial for improving outcomes and developing effective prevention strategies. This review aims to enhance awareness and understanding among healthcare providers and public health professionals to better manage and prevent this devastating infection.